19 November 1944  Although no World War II Medals of Honor were awarded at the time to any African Americans, researchers later determined that at least seven (and possibly more) black servicemen deserved this award. One of these men was Staff Sergeant Ruben Rivers, who was severely wounded in action on 15 November 1944 but refused medical evacuation so that he might stay with his company. When their advance was stopped by enemy fire at Bougaltroff, France, on this date, Rivers tank helped cover the companys withdrawal. Rivers was killed and the other crewmen were injured when their tank was hit by enemy fire. Rivers was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor in January 1997.

December 1944  One of the duties assigned to black troops in the European theater was to obscure the battlefield activities of other soldiers. One such unit was the 161^st Chemical Smoke Generating Company, 3^rd Army, which used an M-2 smoke generator to lay down a heavy cloud of white smoke to screen U.S. troops engaged in building a bridge across the Saar River in Germany.

December 1944  The U.S. Army assigned the 24^th Infantry Regiment to Saipan and Tinian for routine garrison duty, but the presence of so many Japanese "holdouts" required unit members to "clean out" these remaining pockets of resistance. The regiment performed this duty so well that a visiting Inspector General team commended the unit to the Armys Deputy Chief of Staff. The 24^th Infantry also helped with "mopping up operations" on Okinawa in July 1945 and in the Ryukyu Islands in August 1945.

14 December 1944  Lieutenant (later Captain) Charles L. Thomas was another of the seven African Americans posthumously awarded a Medal of Honor in January 1997. Thomas won this prestigious award for his heroism in action on this date near Climbach, France. Wounded in the initial enemy fire while storming the village, Thomas helped his comrades to safety at which time he was wounded again. Despite intensely painful multiple wounds, he directed the emplacement of two antitank guns and thoroughly briefed the platoon commander before allowing himself to be evacuated.

26 December 1944  First Lieutenant John R. Fox, a member of Cannon Company, 366^th Infantry Regiment, 92^nd Division, sacrificed his life to direct defensive artillery fire to slow the German advance on Sommocolonia, Italy. Although most of their fellow infantrymen were forced to withdraw because they were outnumbered by the enemy, Fox and others in his observer party voluntarily remained in town to direct Allied artillery fire. Fox willingly directed fire onto his own position because it was the only way to defeat the attacking Germans. He, too, was posthumously awarded a Medal of Honor in January 1997 for his valorous actions on this date.

December 1944-January 1945  The U.S. Army integrated black volunteers with white troops to fight during the "Battle of the Bulge," the Germans last desperate counteroffensive to break through in the Ardennes forest in Belgium. Over 5000 African American soldiers in the Armys service units volunteered; 2500 of them were accepted. After 6 weeks of training, the black troops were organized into 37 platoons of 40 men each, which were then attached to white units of 200 men each. Suggested by General John Lee and approved by General Dwight D. Eisenhower, this was the first and only example of an integrated Army fighting force in WWII. White officers later judged that these black soldiers had performed "very well" or "fairly well." Although this experiment proved to be quite successful, the Army withheld a favorable survey on the intermixing of its troops because it would supposedly have undermined southern political support for a postwar peacetime draft.

31 December 1944-2 February 1945 The 761^st Tank Battalion participated in the American counteroffensive during and after the Battle of the Bulge. The "Black Panthers" were able to split the German lines at three points, thereby preventing the resupply of the enemy forces surrounding American troops at Bastogne.

1945  By the summer of this year, the U.S. Navy had eliminated all of its segregated stations and schools.

1945  After the defeat of Germany in June 1945, Colonel Benjamin O. Davis, Jr., took command of the 477^th Composite Group of Godman Field, Kentucky. He was the first African American to command a military base in the United States and the first to command a U.S. Army Air Force installation. The group was composed of former pilots of the 332^nd Fighter Group and other black pilots, navigators, bombadiers, and crewmen from the 477^th Bombadier Squadron. This bomber group never saw action during WWII because Japan surrendered in August 1945.

1945  Starting this year, the all-black 761^st Tank Battalion was nominated for a Presidential Unit Citation for its exceptional contributions in the European theater. Nominated six times between 1945 and 1976, the units award was not presented until 1978. The 761^st was a notable exception to the usual U.S. Army practice in WWII of excluding most African Americans from combat duty.

23 January 1945  Pressure brought to bear by the National Association of Colored Nursing forced the U.S. Army Nurse Corps to drop its racial restrictions on qualified nurses.

25 January 1945  The U.S. Navy began allowing black women to enlist in the Navy Nurse Corps and on 9 March 1945, Ensign Phyllis Mae Dailey became the Navys first African American nurse.

February 1945  The first and only black WACs assigned to overseas duty were the 800 women of the 6888^th Central Postal Directory Battalion. Commanded by Major Charity Adams (Earley), the unit served at Birmingham, England before moving to Rouen, France and later Paris. The unit facilitated the delivery of mail to all U.S. personnel (military, civilian, and Red Cross) in the European Theater of Operations. After they arrived in France, the women worked three 8-hour shifts daily, 7 days a week, handling 65,000 pieces of mail per shift. Viewing this massive effort as a way to improve morale, the women redirected a huge backlog of mail to American men and women serving in Europe.

March 1945  The 92^nd Infantry ceased to be an "all-black" division. As part of a division reorganization, the 365^th and 366^th Infantry Regiments were made reserve regiments and many of their soldiers were used to bring the 370^th up to strength. The Army took control of the 371^st, which was used elsewhere. Two former white anti-aircraft unitsthe 442^nd Infantry Regiment (made up of Japanese-Americans) and the 473^rd Infantry Regimentbecame the second and third regiments of the 92^nd Infantry Division.

20 March 1945  Beginning on this date until 23 March, the "Black Panthers" helped to breech the Siegfried Line (or West Wall). This was a code name originating in WWI given to a series of concrete pillboxes, bunkers, and observation posts stretching along Germanys western border from Aachen south and southeast to the Rhine River, then to the Swiss border. The 761^st Tank Battalion destroyed many of the defensive positions, captured seven German towns, and took control of a lot of German war materiel. The unit was also one of the first U.S. elements to join up with eastward-moving Soviet forces on 5 May 1945 at Steyr, Austria. For its impressive accomplishments in WWII, the 761^st belatedly received a Presidential Unit Citation in 1978.

23 March 1945  Another of the seven African American soldiers posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor in January 1997 was Staff Sergeant Edward A. Carter, Jr. After the tank on which he was riding came under enemy fire near Speyer, Germany, Carter voluntarily led a 3-man group across an open field against the enemy. Two of the men were killed and one was seriously wounded in the attempt, but Carter continued alone until he, too, was wounded and forced to take cover. Although eight German soldiers were sent to capture him, Carter managed to kill six of them and take the other two hostage. As he led his prisoners back to his unit, he learned valuable information about enemy troops in the area.

5 April 1945  A racial incident flared up in the closing months of WWII when members of the "Tuskegee Airmen" from the 477^th Bombadier Squadron "mutinied" in protest against a discriminatory policy. A group of 104 African American Army Air Corps officers were arrested after they entered the officers club at Freemen Field, Indiana. The men were protesting the violation of an earlier War Department directive prohibiting the segregation of transportation and recreational facilities on all Army installations. The local post commander on 1 April 1945 had issued a letter ordering the separation of officer trainees (all of whom were black) from base and supervisory officers (all of whom were white), which closed the officers club to nonwhites. Second Lieutenant Roger C. Terry and two other black officers were court martialed. Terry was convicted of assault for brushing against a superior officer while entering the club. The other 101 men involved in the "mutiny" were given official letters of reprimand for refusing a direct order to sign an endorsement of the discriminatory policy. The U.S. Air Force reviewed the incident years later, and in 1995, set aside Terrys conviction. It also began removing by request the letters of reprimand from the permanent military records of the other airmen involved in the Freemen Field incident.

5-6 April 1945 The only one of the seven WWII African American Medal of Honor winners still alive to receive his award in January 1997 was Second (later First) Lieutenant Vernon J. Baker. In fighting near Viareggio, Italy, Baker showed extraordinary heroism by singlehandedly destroying two enemy positions as well as two more with his mens aid. He then covered the evacuation of his companys wounded by drawing enemy fire to an exposed position. The following night he voluntarily led a battalion assault against the enemy through minefields and heavy fire.

7 April 1945 Private First Class Willy F. James, Jr., was killed while attempting to aid his fatally wounded platoon leader. As lead scout on a maneuver to secure and expand a vital bridgehead, James was pinned down for over an hour. During that time he observed enemy positions in detail, then used that information to help his platoon plan a new maneuver. James died while leading a squad during the assault. He was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for extraordinary heroism in January 1997.

30 April 1945 By the day General Mark Clark announced the end of the long, hard-fought Italian Campaign, the 92^nd Infantry Division had lost almost 25 percent of its men: 330 killed in action, 2215 wounded, and 616 missing in action. A member of the divisionPrivate Woodall I. Marshwas the first black to win the Silver Star in Italy. Other members of the 92^nd received over 12,000 decorations during WWII, including 2 Distinguished Service Crosses, 1 Distinguished Service Medal, 16 Legion of Merit awards, and 95 Silver Stars.

May 1945  Although the 555^th Parachute Infantry Battalion never served overseas during WWII, it was sent to the west coast to fight forest fires. It was initially dispatched to counteract the possibility of fires ignited by Japanese balloon-carried incendiary bombs. A woman and five children on a picnic died on 5 May 1945 when one of these devices exploded on Gearhart Mountain, Oregon. In addition to being on the alert for possible Japanese attacks, the unit assisted with several dangerous fire fighting missions. The "Triple Nickels" made more than 1000 jumps to fight forest fires in Oregon and California, thereby earning another nickname: "Smoke Jumpers."

June 1945  Wesley A. Brown received an appointment to the U.S. Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland. He would become the first African American to graduate and earn his commission from the academy in June 1949.

22 August 1945 Colonel Julian G. Herne, Jr., commander of the 24^th Infantry Regiment, accepted the surrender of Aka Island, the first formal capitulation of a Japanese army garrison.

September 1945  At the end of WWII, there were over 695,000 African Americans in the U.S. Army. Throughout the conflict, black soldiers had been over represented in the service forces and under represented in the air corps and ground combat arms. In 1942, about half of all black troops were assigned to service units; by 1945, this number had climbed to three-quarters. During the war, these men built roads and airports, moved critical supplies, provided medical services, etc.

October 1945  The 555^th Parachute Infantry Battalion was transferred from Camp Machall to Fort Bragg, North Carolina, where it was attached to the 82^nd Airborne Division.

November 1945  Second Lieutenant Frederick C. Branch was the first African American to be commissioned in the U.S. Marine Corps.

Negro soldiers draw rations at the camp cook house at their station in Northern Ireland. Detachments of Negro troops were among the latest arrivals with the American forces in Northern Ireland

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