THE railways of the republic of Latvia are an interesting example of the changes brought about in Europe since the war of 1914-18. The area of the country is 24,440 square miles, the population being about 2,000,000. The country, of which Riga is the capital, is bounded on the north by Estonia, on the east by the U.S.S.R. (Russia), on the south by Lithuania and Poland, and on the west by the Baltic Sea and the Gulf of Riga.

With five different gauges and the unusual mixture of rolling-stock—due partly to this cause and partly to the fact that the locomotives are of Russian, German, Latvian, and British manufacture—the lines offer plenty of variety. The gauges range from 2 ft. to 5 ft., and the total length of the track in 1935, is some 1,925 miles. New lines are under construction. Except for 110 miles of narrow-gauge lines owned by private companies, the lines are owned and operated by the State. There are about 335 miles of 60 cm. gauge (2 ft.), some 270 miles of 75 cm. gauge (2 ft. 5-1/2 in,), only about 30 miles of metre gauge (3 ft. 3-3/8 in.), and 200 miles of standard gauge (4 ft. 8-1/2 in.). The rest of the track mileage—about 1,090 —is of the Russian gauge of 5 ft.

A WOOD-BURNING LOCOMOTIVE at Aluksne, an historic Latvian town. Many Latvian engines are adapted for wood fuel consumption, and have large spark-arresters on their chimneys. The passenger locomotives are painted green and bear the national coat of arms. The train seen in this illustration is running on a 2 ft. 5-1/2 in. narrow-gauge track.

When the Republic of Latvia was proclaimed on November 18, 1918, it was more of a hope than a reality. The Lettish people have occupied the country since the earliest times. In the 12 th century the country was invaded by the Teutonic Knights, and centuries of subjection followed during the stormy history of this part of the Baltic. From 1795 until 1918 the country was subject to Russia, the area being divided between the Baltic provinces of Livonia in the north and Courland in the south. For about two years the people waged a war of independence against the Russians, and also against German adventurers, and when, in 1920, they were at last at peace, the land was in a terrible plight. It had been a battlefield during the world war, when the Letts fought as members of the Russian army, and again a battlefield when they were struggling to free their country from invaders who had come pouring in from east and west. When the Germans invaded the country during the war of 1914-18 hundreds of thousands of people fled into Russia. It has been estimated that nearly 650,000 of these refugees never returned to their homes and that many of them died. Machinery and tools from the factories were flung into railway trucks and hauled into Russia. One estimate is that of 30,000 truckloads of plant and tools evacuated from Riga only three were returned from Russia. In Courland, which was occupied by the Germans from 1915 to 1918, the population fell to one-third, while half the farms were destroyed or stood empty.

As a means of transport the railways were negligible when the country emerged from the ordeal by battle. Under the Peace Treaty of 1920 the Latvian Government received from Russia and from Germany 305 locomotives and 2,274 carriages and wagons. Few of these were in good order, and much repair work had to be done. The railway workshops were in a bad plight ; most of the stations had been burnt down, plant and machinery had been plundered and scattered, and many bridges had been destroyed. In fact, Riga and the other industrial centre of Liepaja (then known as Libau) were little more than empty shells.

When Latvia began the tremendous task of rebuilding her railways five big bridges had to be built across the River Daugava (Dvina), the most important liver in the country, and two other large bridges across the rivers Lielupe and Gauja. In addition, there were no fewer than 400 smaller bridges to be reconstructed. Besides all this work, 1,500 station buildings had to be erected.

LATVIA'S MAIN LINES are shown on this map. There are about 1,925 miles of track in existence, and the country's five gauges vary from 2 ft. to 5 ft. All lines, except 110 miles privately owned, are State controlled. Over half the mileage is of the 5 ft. Russian gauge.

Railway workshops in Riga, Daugavpils (formerly Dvinsk) and Liepaja were restored, and about 250 miles of new track built. Some 235 locomotives and 5,000 carriages and wagons were either repaired or built, and the whole railway system made efficient. At present there are 304 locomotives and 6,700 carriages and wagons on the Latvian State lines.

The problem was to build a country as well as to reconstruct its railways. One of the first steps was to create a nation of small-holders by dividing up the land. In 1934 it was estimated that there were more than 200,000 small farms in the republic. This is one of the factors that have affected the railway reconstruction.

AT RIGA. A large locomotive being unloaded at the docks for transportation to Russia. Riga is the railway centre of Latvia, and most of the main routes radiate from the capital.

Another factor was the changed economic situation. Before the war Riga was an outlet for Russian produce, which was brought to the port by rail, but after the war this traffic practically ceased to exist, although it revived later. Further, the railways had been built as part of the Russian system to serve the needs of that country, and adjustments were necessary to make them serve the needs of Latvia.

Its position makes Riga the natural capital, and it is not only a great port but also the focal point of the railway system. Only a few new links were needed to form a good network of lines for the new country. In addition to Riga there are excellent harbours at Liepaja and at Ventspils (formerly Windau), both of which are west of Riga and are on the Baltic. Riga lies a few miles from the mouth of the River Daugava, which flows from Russia and is used for floating rafts of logs which are cut up at sawmills at the port. Some of this timber comes from. Russia and Poland, but the bulk is from Latvia.

As the country is flat and low-lying it does not offer many difficulties to the railway builder. The chief inland towns on the railway network are Daugavpils, Jelgava (formerly Mitau), Rezekne, Krustpils, Valka, Valmiera and Tukums.

When the Germans invaded Latvia they altered the track to standard gauge, as they had done for military purposes in Lithuania and in Poland. Riga being the natural outlet for Russian trade, the Letts restored the Russian gauge on the principal lines leading to and from Russia. Some of the lines leading south from certain towns and connecting with Lithuania and Poland were, as explained later, left on the standard gauge.

A RUSSIAN GAUGE LOCOMOTIVE which has the 2-6-2 wheel arrangement. Engines employed in Latvia are of British, German, Russian and Latvian manufacture. To-day there are about 300 locomotives of various types in operation. The 2-6-0 wheel arrangement is particularly favoured, and probably finds more general employment than any other class of engine.

An important line on the Russian gauge leaves Riga and follows the valley of the Daugava to Indra, 178 miles from Riga, where it crosses the Russian border for Moscow. Soon after leaving Riga this line throws off a branch to the cast to Kangari, the branch being part of a line now under construction which will intersect another line at Madona, a narrow gauge line at Berzpils, and link up with a broad gauge line at Karsava. The main line proceeds to Plavinas, from which town a line runs north-east to Gulbene, another Junction. From Plavinas the next junction is Krustpils, which is on a line to Rezekne and on towards the border and Moscow. The valley line goes southeast to Daugavpils, 135 miles from the capital. British people heard of this town as the Russian fortress of Dvinsk. It was the objective of bitter fighting in the war. In both 1915 and 1916 the Germans failed to capture it, but they succeeded in 1917 when the collapse of the Russian army began. It is now the training centre of the Lettish army.

RECENT RAILWAY DEVELOPMENTS such as the rail-car have been introduced on the lines of the Latvian State Railways. This rail-car was constructed in Latvia and is employed for light passenger work on local services. At present there are two of these vehicles in regular operation.

Daugavpils is also an important junction. The broad-gauge line which continues through it to Indra and the border carries most of the traffic for Moscow. The standard gauge line from Warsaw, the capital of Poland, crosses the border at Zemgale, while the standard gauge line from Lithuania crosses the border at Eglaine, both joining at Griva a few miles south of Daugavpils. At this corner the boundaries of the three countries, all created by the war, meet, and the border of Russia is not far away.

From Zemgale a 5 ft. track, running beside the standard gauge line, leads up through Daugavpils, Rezekne, Karsava and Jaunlatgale to Ritupe, on the Russian border, which it crosses on its way to Leningrad. In the old days this was the main line from St. Petersburg (now Leningrad) to Warsaw. The part of the line in Poland has now been relaid to standard gauge. The traffic to-day is a mere shadow of that which once passed to and fro over what was one of the principal railways of Imperial Russia, and if ever one went in quest of a "ghost train" this should be the line on which to look.

Liepaja is the most important city and port after Riga, and has an advantage over Riga because its harbour is not ice-bound for part of the year. The Germans had altered the broad gauge line which runs from Riga through Jelgava, Gluda, and Renge, then dipping across the border to the Lithuanian town of Mazeikiai and up again to Latvia at Vainode, and so through Priekule to Liepaja. Other lines run south, from Jelgava and Priekule in Latvia, and from Mazeikiai in Lithuania. All had been altered to standard gauge. The line which strikes south from Jelgava, runs through Lithuania and connects with Berlin. The Latvians decided to leave these lines as they were, thus avoiding a break of gauge at frontier stations, since the Lithuanians have kept their lines—altered from Russian to standard by the Germans—to the standard gauge.

A 2 ft. 5-1/2 in. gauge passenger locomotive adapted for burning wood fuel, at the head of a local train. There are 270 miles of 2 ft. 5-1/2 in. track laid in Latvia. Coal, much of which is imported from Great Britain, is now being used more extensively.

There still remained the necessity of ensuring through transit for goods between Russia and the ice-free port of Liepaja, so the Latvians built a broad gauge line. This runs parallel with the other line through Jelgava and on to Gluda, at which town it strikes off at a tangent to Liepaja, instead of dipping to the border. It is 143 miles long, and is the most important line built under the reconstruction programme.

There are two stations with a road between them at Riga—Riga Main and Riga First—at different levels. Through traffic crosses the river by a bridge and the platforms are, therefore, above street level, while the terminal station is at street level.

Riga has only two gauges, but lines of four gauges run into Liepaja. In addition to the broad and standard gauge lines just mentioned, a metre gauge track runs up to Aizpute, while a 75 cm. track goes south to Rucava parallel with the coast, and north along the coast to Pavilosta, just beyond Kursa, which is a junction for a branch of this line, which goes to Alsunga and is being extended to the town of Kuldiga. A busy line runs from Riga to Ventspils, the third most important port. This line throws off a branch to Bolderaja on the shore of the Gulf of Riga, and serves seaside resorts. Tukums is the junction for a line to Jelgava, and the line proceeds through Stende to Ventspils. From Stende and Ventspils 2 ft. gauge lines serve the country between the track and the shore of the Gulf of Riga and the Baltic.

A line runs north-east from Riga through Zemitani, Jeriki, and Valmiera to Valka, on the Estonian border, for Tallinn (formerly Reval). Jeriki is the junction for the line which strikes east to Gulbene, Sita, Jaunlatgale, and Ritupe, on the Russian border, for Leningrad.

Lines of 75 cm. gauge traverse the country between the east shore of the Gulf of Riga and the northern section of the Riga-Valka railway.

The principal traffic is composed of timber, flax being the next most important item. The transit trade between the ports and Russia is reviving.

ON A NARROW-GAUGE LINE. Timber being conveyed to a main-line station for transport to a railway depot. The transport of timber forms the largest item in Latvia's freight traffic.

At one time nearly all the locomotives burnt wood, but in recent years it has been found more economical to export timber than to burn it, so that coal—much of it imported from Great Britain—is being used more extensively.

There are sleeping and restaurant cars on the main transit routes, while the holiday traffic to what is called the "Baltic Riviera" in the summer is brisk. Although the country is off the track of the tourist, the Ministry of Communications, which operates the railways, is enterprising and provides such innovations as cars in which passengers may dance. Various excursions attract holiday makers. One innovation, which should appeal to passengers who find difficulty in deciding where to go for a day's excursion, is the mystery train. (The idea is not unknown in Great Britain.) The mystery train in Latvia has an engine at either end, facing outwards, so that the passengers are unable to decide which way it is going when they board it at the station. The destination is not revealed to the excursionists until the train arrives there.

Another feature of the railways is that a tax of three per cent is put on railway tickets to provide a "culture fund," allocated to a tourist bureau, clubs and various other purposes.

An unusual development is that of a medical department of the railways. The whole system, including offices and the houses of employees, is divided into fifteen districts, each of which is supervised by a physician. The physician is responsible for the health of his district ; he attends all railway employees living or working there and their families. He has to render first aid, and in the event of an accident organizes the succouring of the injured persons.

Railway ambulances are kept at the principal centres and workshops. In Riga there is a hospital with fifty beds, an operating theatre and a laboratory. There is also a Central Railway Pharmacy, which supervises a number of subordinate pharmacies along the line.

There are about 200 persons on the medical staff, and the general supervision and control is in the hands of the Chief Physician, who, in turn, is himself responsible to the Chief Director of the Latvian State Railway system. The Railway Employees' Association co-operates in this health work, and supports a seaside home for children, is well as a convalescent home for railway workers, while there is also a home for workers suffering from rheumatic complaints.

Although at first the number of different gauges and the variety of rolling-stock appears bewildering to the visitor accustomed to orthodox and standardized systems of bigger countries, the Latvian railway system is well adapted to the particular needs of the country. Moreover, the railways pay their way, and are not static but progressive. The narrow-gauge lines act as feeders to the principal lines carrying passengers and dairy and farm produce, and even heavy traffic such as timber.

As Latvia is developing on the lines of a country of small-holders and has no heavy mineral traffic, these light railways fulfil a useful function in parts of the country where a broad-gauge railway would not be an economic proposition. Moreover, these railways serve the purpose better than roads, as they are cheap to construct and maintain, whereas roads to carry the timber would require metalling.

Although Latvia is an agricultural country, the artisans and engineers are noted for their skill. In the old days more than a quarter of the metal industry of the former Russian Empire was concentrated in Riga and Liepaja, or Libau as it was then called, and to-day the republic is laying new lines to develop the country by providing cheap transport, which will inevitably aid the expansion of home industries.

RECONSTRUCTION has been the main feature of the Latvian system. The top picture shows a wrecked railway bridge in 1919 across the Lielupe near Riga. There were many such scenes in Latvia after the Great War. The lower photograph shows the rebuilt bridge that carries the main line between Riga and Ventspils.

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