A least once a week the "service" or working time-table issued by the British railway companies for the guidance of their operating staff, is supplemented by special "working notices." These documents, in addition to informing enginemen and others concerned, of the existence of temporary speed restrictions, due to track re-laying or other causes, indicate every departure from normal working. Their contents range from particulars of an additional coach required to accommodate a Sunday school outing to the elaborate special time-table that is drawn up for special occasions.

While exceptional freight movements, such as the handling of an "outsize" load, can usually be dealt with on Sundays or at other times when the pressure of general traffic is at its lowest, passenger "specials" almost always have to be fitted in when ordinary traffic is at its maximum. An example is the heavy Derby Day traffic of the Southern Railway, much of which has to be worked during the rush-hour periods.

"Specials" are of every conceivable variety. They include the boat express which runs in connection with the arrival or departure of a particular liner (and which is not to be mistaken for the regular boat trains such as those between London and Harwich or Folkestone), race specials, Cup-Tie specials, and the trains chartered on occasion by private individuals.

In earlier days, special trains were also often run for the conveyance of dispatches to a newspaper that wished to publish important information ahead of its rivals, but the telegraph and the telephone, and more recently wireless and the transmission of photographs by aeroplane and wire, have between them eliminated the necessity for special trains of this particular nature.

Many special runs of the past are of historic interest. Several of these were made on the Great Northern Railway in 1880, when that company put on a service between Leeds and London timed to cover the journey in either direction in three hours and three-quarters.

On one occasion during the year, the Royal special, conveying the Duke of Edinburgh, lowered this timing to three and a half hours, while on July 31, the Lord Mayor of London was brought up from York to London in three hours and thirty-seven minutes.

LINING UP FOR LUGGAGE. A row of porters is waiting for the arrival of a train at Waterloo Station London. All the holiday "specials" have to fit in with the operation of the normal time-tables. Popular expresses to the coast are frequently divided and run in several portions.

Another exceptional run with a Royal special was made on the London and North Western Railway, between Manchester and London, on May 4, 1887, when the Prince of Wales (afterwards King Edward VII) was conveyed over the 189 miles in 225 minutes. The running time was only 210 minutes after making allowance for stops at Crewe, Rugby and Willesden. Another special conveying the Prince of Wales, when he travelled from Liverpool to London on the occasion of the death of the Duke of Albany, took only 234 minutes, or 223 minutes if stops are deducted, for the 193½ miles.

But the most remarkable British achievement affecting Royalty was that of the Great Western Railway in July, 1903, when the 245½ miles from Paddington to Plymouth, via Bristol, were completed in 233½ minutes by a special train conveying the Prince and Princess of Wales, later King George V and Queen Mary, from London to Truro.

Some years previously - on June 1, 1876, to be precise - the Unites States put up a record by running a train non-stop on the Pennsylvania Railroad from Jersey City to Pittsburgh, a distance of 439½ miles, in ten hours five minutes. This was easily not only the longest non-stop run that had ever been made to date (the mileage is greater than that of the "Royal Scot" and "Flying Scotsman," which make the longest regular non-stop runs in the world), but the performance was additionally remarkable in that it formed merely part of a truly record achievement. The train concerned was a theatrical special, chartered by the Garrett-Palmer Company for the run from New York to San Francisco, a distance of approximately 3,300 miles, which was covered in eighty-three hours twenty-seven minutes, at an overall speed of forty miles an hour. This may not seem excessive, but it was nearly twice as great as that of the fastest regular run over the same route for many years afterwards. Special arrangements for lubrication were made in connection with the working over the Jersey City - Pittsburgh section.

Thirty years later a special was run in the opposite direction for a very different purpose. San Francisco had been virtually destroyed by a disastrous earthquake, and Mr. E. H. Harriman was hurried from Oakland to New York with plans for reconstruction. The time of 71 hours 27 minutes made by his special remained the coast-to-coast record until the new Union Pacific Diesel-operated train cut the figure to 56 hours 55 minutes in its astonishing special transcontinental journey of October, 1934, from Los Angeles to New York. Another American special note was the train of two coaches run by the Pennsylvania Railroad in 1927 from Washington to New York with the films showing the reception of Colonel Lindbergh after his return from his epoch-making transatlantic flight. The whole distance of 224½ miles was covered in 187½ minutes, and 66½ miles of the journey were covered at a continuous average of 85 miles an hour.

A HOLIDAY RUSH This photograph was taken at the Southern Railway's terminus, Victoria Station, London, and shows the crowds waiting for the seaside trains.Even in normal times, Victoria Station, with its seventeen terminal platforms - nine of which will take two trains each - handles about 1,052 trains in twenty-four hours.

The size of Great Britain makes impossible continuous runs approaching the length of that of the Garrett-Palmer special, but so far as concerns the general working of theatre traffic, the British railways are fully up to date. The running of theatre specials in Great Britain is a branch of railway working of which little is known by the general public, largely because the traffic is worked either on Sundays or on Saturday nights, these being the only times at which touring companies can normally travel. Save for productions necessitating unusually elaborate scenery or "properties," it is not the regular practice for a theatre company to engage a special train; but special compartments are reserved. According to circumstances, one or more companies may be conveyed by the same train. A feature of the handling of this traffic is the considerable amount of cross-country travel that is often involved. Scenery is usually conveyed in large covered vans.

Another highly specialised form of traffic is the handling of military trains. Even during peace time this often involves the conveyance of artillery and limbers in addition to troops, while in war time it would necessitate the conveyance of immense quantities of munitions, rations, and stores of all kinds. Moreover, since such traffic has to be worked in accordance with the military exigencies of the moment, it is apt to involve the running on a large scale of special trains at short notice.

The magnitude of the task under modern conditions can be gauged by a few figures relating to two English railways - the South-Eastern and Chatham and the London and South Western during 1914-1918. The special "South Eastern" leave trains, run to and from Victoria Station between November 1914. and November 11, 1918, numbered 14,871, carrying a total of 6,530,482 officers and men. But this figure is far from indicating the real intensity of the leave traffic, since if allowance be made for the movements from and to the various training camps situated in South Eastern and Chatham territory, the aggregate number of journeys amounted to no fewer than 13,962,000.

Between May 1, 1918, and the Armistice, Cannon Street Station was closed to public passenger traffic between 11 a.m. and 4 p.m. daily from Mondays to Fridays, and from 3 p.m. on Saturday to Sunday midnight. The purpose of this arrangement was to enable the terminus to be used as an auxiliary goods station. It was employed on alternate weeks by Great Northern and Midland trains, engines and trains crews from these "foreign" lines being changed there. During the period of emergency working, 5,803 goods trains, representing a total of about 175,000 wagons, were dealt with at Cannon Street.

The South Eastern and Chatham was also called on from time to time to handle "extra special" military trains, which had to be available at any hour of the day or night, and which were run under what was known as the "Imperial A" code. The function of these trains was to convey highly placed personages, or even a single individual, who had to reach France in the shortest possible time. Both Dover and Folkestone were used as termini, and the sea journey was on occasion made by a special boat.

The usual make-up of the "Imperial A" trains, which ran as non-stops to which everything else on the line had to give way, and could be ordered at half an hour's notice, consisted of a locomotive, a saloon, and a composite guard's brake and passenger vehicle. Two hundred and eighty-three were run in all. A typical run was made on August 14, 1914, when Field-Marshal Sir John French (later the first Earl of Ypres) was conveyed the 77½ miles from Victoria to Dover in eighty minutes.

IN PREPARATION. A line of express locomotives at King's Cross locomotive sheds, prior to hauling holiday passengers over the London and North Eastern Railway's line. The engines are here seen being given a final polish betore beginning their day's work.

The London and South Western, serving Southampton, and thus forming the gateway to Havre, set up a colossal war record. Its traffic included 522,768 officers, 19,701,186 men, 1,447,148 horses, 11,208 guns, 112,278 road vehicles, 37,418 bicycles, 481,357 wagons of ammunition, baggage and stores, and 2,166 tanks. This traffic involved the provision of 58,859 loaded special trains, of which 10,175 were ambulance trains. It has been estimated that between the signing of the armistice and November 1919 at least another five million officers and men were carried.

It is at Bank Holiday periods that special passenger working reaches its peak. Every Easter, Whitsuntide, and August Bank Holiday, and also - although to a somewhat smaller degree - at Christmas, the most complicated time-table problems have to be worked out. Although the volume of passenger traffic is not so heavy at Christmas as at Easter, the parcel traffic is abnormally large, and necessitates the working of numerous special trains. So completely altered are the passenger train workings during Bank Holiday periods, that practically the whole service may be said to be of a special nature. Ordinary trains are suspended or varied in running; arrangements must be made to run trains in duplicate or triplicate as required; carriage and locomotive workings are entirely recast and much rolling-stock that is normally not in use is pressed into the service. The whole of these special facilities must give place to normal operating conditions directly the brief holiday period is over. Moreover, there must be no interference with ordinary business traffic.

It was once observed by a general manager of the London and North Western Railway that "a train service is like a house of cards; if the bottom card is interfered with, the whole edifice is disarranged and has to be built up afresh." The phrase suitably describes the British railwayman's task every Easter.

It also describes the work of the operating department on an occasion such as the Grand National, when, in contrast to the Easter traffic, the bulk of the passengers have to be taken to their destination and brought back on the same day. This traffic is handled at three stations at Aintree, two belonging to the London Midland and Scottish Railway, and the third to the Cheshire Lines Committee, which is jointly controlled by the London Midland and Scottish and London and North Eastern Companies. There is also a special race day electric service worked by the Liverpool Overhead Railway, to which reference will be made later.

The intensive nature of this Grand National service can be gauged from the fact that between 11 a.m. and 1.30 p.m. trains arrive at the rate of about one every two minutes, exclusive of the electric service, which runs in the "down" direction until just before 3 p.m.

The special trains are worked from all over the country. On Grand National Day, 1934, the starting places included London (from Euston, St. Pancras. King's Cross, and Marylebone), Carlisle, Workington, Preston, Glasgow, Edinburgh, Blackpool, Peebles, St. Albans, Newcastle, Nottingham, Bristol, Gloucester, and Market Harborough.

Every variety of rolling-stock is pressed into the service, ranging from old-fashioned six-wheelers to the London and North Eastern's all-Pullman specials from London. Aintree is, on this occasion, well worth a visit by the student of locomotive types. The engines include 0-6-0's, "Mogul's." 4-4-0's, 4-6-0's of various classes, and 2-6-4 tanks. Owing to the continuous increase in the weight of the Grand National specials, there is considerable recourse to double heading; of the sixty trains run in 1934, about thirty required two locomotives.

The stations, sidings, and locomotive sheds are, of course, taxed to their utmost capacity, and in this connection it may be mentioned that one of the London Midland and Scottish stations is used for passenger traffic only during the race meeting, no passenger services being worked into it during the rest of the year.

NEW COACHES FOR HOLIDAY PASSENGERS. Recently the Great Western Railway embarked on a building programme which includes some 200 passenger coaches and over 2,000 freight wagons. It takes about seven weeks to build a coach, and before the holiday season, the Swindon shops - seen above - work at full pressure.

The Liverpool Overhead service deserves special mention. In 1905, a short spur line was built to permit through running between this railway and the Liverpool, Southport and Crossens electrified section of the then Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway, and a through service was worked until 1922, when it was withdrawn as the result of road competition. But the through service is revived once every year - on Grand National Day.

Another sporting event responsible for an unusual volume of special traffic working is Doncaster Race Week in September, especially St. Leger Day. Traffic working is here complicated by the fact that while Aintree does not accommodate a heavy normal train service, Doncaster is a strategic point on the London and North Eastern, through which there passes the whole of its traffic between London and Scotland, as well as many local and cross-country trains linking up the old Great Northern main line with the Great Central, Great Eastern, and North Eastern sections. As at Aintree, much of the special race traffic, specially on the day of the St. Leger, consists of passengers who arrive and depart on the same day.

The lay-out of Doncaster Station, which has a down island, and an up main platform, both supplemented by small bays, is not ideal for the purpose. Fortunately, extensive locomotive sidings are situated between the station and the locomotive shops, and these sidings are pressed into service as points of arrival and departure. The volume of special traffic is heavier from the north than from the south. On a recent St. Leger Day, thirty-two up specials, as against twenty down, arrived between 8 a.m. and 1.30 p.m. This was exclusive of the ordinary passenger service, which brought the total up to nearly double the number.

During the race week Doncaster handles also a very heavy horse-box traffic, as horse sales are held on the occasion of the meeting, during which as many as seventy special horse-box trains, consisting in all of over a thousand horse-boxes, may be run. As with the Grand National, the special trains come from all parts of the country, and an elaborate system of engine notice boards and carriage labels is used to notify passengers of the stations served by each train. The locomotives and coaching stock exhibit similar variety to that to be met with on the day of the Grand National.

The Football Association Cup Final is another annual sporting fixture attracting much long-distance special traffic. This comes to London from all Parts of the country. For the Cup Final of 1934 the London and North Eastern alone ran thirty-seven specials from the Midlands, the North of England and Scotland. Passengers from some of the Scottish stations made a journey of as much as 450 miles in either direction. The points of departure included Manchester, Hull, Leeds, Birmingham, Kirkcaldy, Dunfermline, Edinburgh, Falkirk, Seaham Harbour, Harrogate, Berwick-on-Tweed, Norwich, Yarmouth and Ipswich. The first arrival was shortly after 4 a.m. at King's Cross, and on the return journey trains left this terminus in a steady stream between 10 a.m. and 2 p.m.

A special feature of the Cup Tie traffic is the exceptional demand for saloon coaches, as many as three hundred being required on the L.N.E.R. in 1934. Further, the bulk of the long-distance passengers do not travel direct to and from their objective, as at Aintree and Doncaster. Thus, passengers to King's Cross and Euston have to make their way thence to Wembley, which is served by the L.M.S., Metropolitan, and the L.N.E.R. A second and very intensive special service is thus required between London and Wembley. On the Great Central section of the London and North Eastern this is a non-stop run between Marylebone and the stadium station in twelve minutes.

FROM ALL PARTS OF ENGLAND crowds pour into Wembley for the Football Association Cup Final. In 1934 the L.N.E.R. ran thirty-seven Cup Tie specials from the Midlands and the North. An intensive service is required from London to Wembley, which is served by the Metropolitan, L.M.S., and the L.N.E.R. The illustration shows a crowd at Wembley Park.

One of the most remarkable instances on record of mass passenger transportation occurred in connection with the Coronation of King George V. On June 30, 1911, a Coronation Fête was given at the Crystal Palace to a hundred thousand school children, and in those early days of motor traffic the railway was called on to take all the traffic. This was another occasion when the special trains were required to be worked without interference with normal traffic, and five railway companies co-operated in the provision of the service. These were the London and South Western, London, Brighton and South Coast, London and North Western, Great Western, and North London.

The elaborate nature of the arrangements may be gauged from the fact that the special time-table issued by the Brighton Company for the use of its Crystal Palace Station staff, formed a booklet of over ninety pages, dealing with the working of forty-two special trains to and from twenty-one separate terminal points throughout the London area. The originating stations were Balham, Chelsea, Canonbury, Clapham Junction, Dalston, Hackney, Homerton, Kensington (Addison Road), London Bridge, New Cross, Paddington, Peckham Rye, Putney, Queen's Park, Streatham Hill, South Bermondsey, Tooting, Victoria, Wandsworth Common, West Brompton, and Westbourne Park. The London and South Western trains were worked by Brighton engines and guards, and London and North Western engines and train staff were used on the North London specials. Although the Great Western trains - from Paddington and Westbourne Park - were hauled by the company's own locomotives, it was necessary to carry pilotmen between Kensington and the Crystal Palace.

The problem here was complicated by the necessity for compressing the traffic within a relatively short working day, so that the children should have as many hours as possible at the Palace, and yet arrive home early. The first train - from Putney - left at 9.35 a.m., and arrived at 10.30, and the last was booked to leave Balham at 2.14 p.m. and to reach its destination at 2.28. On the return journey, the departures were made between 4.35 and 8.15 p.m., the last train being booked in at Streatham Hill at 8.23 p.m. It was, of course, out of the question to stable all the empties in the neighbourhood of the Crystal Palace, and special arrangements had, therefore, to be made for the storage of the trains between trips at a number of either stations. These comprised Norwood Junction, Clapham Junction, New Cross, Streatham Hill, Kensington, and London Bridge. Only a few were dealt with at the Crystal Palace. In two instances the trains on their way back to the Palace accommodated ordinary passengers between London Bridge and Sydenham.

This Coronation Fête traffic may be regarded as an unparalleled feat in railway transportation, and it is a tribute to the British railwayman to say that the performance was regarded as being all in the day's work. That may, in fact, be taken as the railwayman's motto. The organisation of a modern railway is extraordinarily flexible, and it must be, otherwise the "house of cards" would continually be in danger of disarrangement.

ANNUAL OUTINGS are an important feature in the railway's special passenger traffic. This illustration shows hundreds of children at Liverpool Street Station, London, returning home after a visit to the seaside The task of carrying all these children is one of great responsibility; in many instances entire trains are run for the benefit of the children. In 1911 on the occasion of the Coronation Fête at the Crystal Palace, five railway Companies combined to convey 100,000 children.

As it is, special traffic is sandwiched in between the ordinary train service in a manner that is little short of miraculous. Even ordinary traffic may at times call for the utmost flexibility in working, as on the occasion of the late running of a boat train due to a bad Channel crossing. On the Southern; this contingency, which may occur at any time without warning, is partly provided for in advance by the existence of alternative "paths" or routes. A boat express from Dover may, for instance, be diverted for part of its run over the old London, Chatham and Dover main line via Canterbury, or from Ashford by way of Maidstone and Swanley Junction. But the Southern is fortunate in possessing an exceptional number of alternative routes from and to London.

Since Southampton has relieved Liverpool of some of its transatlantic passenger traffic, boat specials in England are more particularly identified with the Western Section of the Southern Railway. These trains are made up of the latest corridor stock, and now include Pullman cars in their formation. But "American specials," which at one time were so prominent a feature of London and North Western express traffic, still run in and out of Euston.

In the past, these specials, which use the Riverside station at Liverpool, were booked to run the 192¼ miles to Liverpool (Edge Hill) without a stop, the composition of the trains varying in accordance with traffic requirements, but always including restaurant cars, and often special passenger stock. Now, however, boat portions for Riverside are usually attached to the ordinary expresses from London, and are detached at Edge Hill to run down to Riverside.

A considerable amount of miscellaneous ocean passenger traffic is also worked in and out of Euston. This does not normally require special trains, the passengers being accommodated in reserved compartments on ordinary expresses.

Mention of ocean-going traffic recalls the fact that it was with an "Ocean Mails" special between Plymouth and London that the Great Western Railway on May 9, 1904, set up a notable speed record.

The special working notices referred to at the beginning of this page are of more than one description, and include supplementary programmes of special trains covering a period of seven days, special train programmes which may deal with a shorter period, and fortnightly notices. A typical example of the first will deal with such traffic movements as short-distance evening excursions, the removal of the contents of an entire farm, including livestock, the working of ballast trains and 36 tons steam cranes, and the running of special trains worked by new types of locomotives under test. An important feature of the special train programme is that it gives instructions regarding the working of empty stock, as for instance, in connection with race trains.

The fortnightly notice is so voluminous that a separate page would be required to do it justice. But it contains many important "miscellaneous instructions," such as the notification of routes over which certain classes of locomotive may not run, and a list of passenger vehicles required for inspection by the carriage and wagon department. The whereabouts of these must immediately be notified to the Chief Operating Manager by wire.

Recent developments in one branch of special passenger traffic - the running of cheap excursion trains - have been instrumental in encouraging new social habits. An instance is provided by the experience of the London and North Eastern Railway, which has lately made a speciality of providing cheap evening excursions. During the winter of 1934-1935 the company ran a total of 781 such trains, mainly from outlying districts, to such towns and cities as Manchester, Sheffield, Nottingham, Leeds, Hull, Darlington and Newcastle, which were patronised by approximately three hundred thousand passengers.

AN ELECTRIC INDICATOR to assist the traveller was introduced at Paddington Station by the Great Western Railway. The photograph shows the indicator, which was the first of its kind to be installed. It was erected in 1934 and is 30 ft. long and 18 ft. high. The indicator shows the scheduled arrival times, the delay - if any - of trains, and a list of stations served. Recently a departure indicator has been added, also giving all necessary information about the trains concerned.

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