Careful study of a railway map of England will reveal the fact that, in addition to the four great companies, there are three other main-line railways - two of a cross-country nature, and the third operating in the busy area of Manchester, Liverpool, and Chester.

These are the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway, the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway, and the Cheshire Lines. The first and last named are jointly owned by the L.M.S. and the L.N.E.R., the Somerset and Dorset is jointly owned by the L.M.S. and the Southern. Each railway is under the administration of a Managing Committee formed from the chief officers of the owning companies.

The Midland and Great Northern owes its name to the two older companies which owned it before they became merged into the L.M.S. and the L.N.E.R. respectively; but it was not always a joint railway. More than one company owned and worked the lines which have since come under its joint Managing Committee, and the system as a whole has had a decidedly chequered history. Of the old lines, the Eastern and Midlands was the most important. This company had its headquarters at King's Lynn, or, as it is more commonly called, Lynn, in Norfolk, and was in its turn an amalgamation of two still older companies, the Yarmouth and North Norfolk and the Lynn and Fakenham. The amalgamation took place in 1883, ten years before the present Joint Committee took over control. The other constituent companies were the Bourne and Lynn Railway and the Peterborough, Lynn, and Sutton Bridge Railway.

The oldest section of the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway is the Spalding-Holbeach line, dating from 1858. "Eastern and Midlands" would be an ideal title for the present joint system, for it extends from the L.M.S. near Bourne (Lincs), and from Peterborough on the main line of the East Coast route, right across to Yarmouth, while over a line of the Norfolk and Suffolk Joint Railway, the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway brings its trains down to Lowestoft, the most easterly railway station in Great Britain.

This Norfolk and Suffolk Joint Railway is in a peculiar position. The Midland and Great Northern is already joint between the L.N.E.R. and L.M.S., but the Norfolk and Suffolk is in its turn owned by the L.N.E.R. and the bigger joint company. It has two lines, the one already mentioned running from Yarmouth to Lowestoft Central along the coast by Gorleston and Hopton, and another connecting North Walsham with Cromer (Beach) via Mundesley-on-Sea.

Cromer Beach Station is served by the lines of the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway. This Railway, the oldest section of which dates back to 1858, is now owned by the L.M.S. and L.N.E.R. and comprises some 183 miles of track.

This extraordinary example of "joint-joint" ownership has a rather complicated history, and it is necessary to go back to pre-grouping days to unravel it. The acquisition of the Eastern and Midlands and its fellows by the Great Northern and the Midland was regarded as an insidious attack on the traffic of the old Great Eastern Railway, which at one time considered the county of Norfolk in the light of an absolutely private reserve, so far as traffic from the south was concerned. The Great Eastern people could hardly grumble at the operation of through trains from the Midlands to the Norfolk, Coast, but they received a rude shock when the Great Northern, with the help of the Midland and Great Northern Joint, began running through trains from King's Cross to Cromer in opposition to the Great Eastern trains from Liverpool Street.

The Great Eastern's rival had to travel a longer way round by Peterborough, but the route had various advantages. Not the least of these was the standard of comfort, for the Great Northern provided the rolling stock on the through trains, and this was superior as a rule to the standard Great Eastern coaches of the period. Although checkmated in the matter of a Norfolk monopoly, the Great Eastern still managed to gather a few crumbs by the construction of the Norfolk and Suffolk Joint lines, which it owned jointly with the Midland and Great Northern. Thus did the Great Eastern make a little out of the Midland and Great Northern Joint traffic to and from Lowestoft and Mundesley. Now that the Great Eastern and the Great Northern are both merged in the L.N.E.R., the position is that the L.N.E.R. has the lion's share of any receipts which may come in from the Norfolk and Suffolk Joint Railway, Naturally the grouping of the railways caused competitive working from King's Cross and Liverpool Street respectively to lose its object, and the service via Peterborough is now treated simply as an alternative.

The main line of the Midland and Great Northern may be taken as that beginning at a point near Little Bytham (Lincs), where it is connected with the L.M.S. branch from Saxby. It crosses the L.N.E.R. and runs via Bourne, Sutton Bridge, South Lynn, Fakenham, and Melton Constable, to Cromer. This line carries the express trains from the Midlands to the East Coast. A triangular junction provides access to Spalding. At Sutton Bridge the main line is joined by the line from Peterborough and Wisbech. on which run the through trains from King's Cross to Cromer. From South Lynn a short branch, two miles long, runs north to King's Lynn.

The country traversed by these initial sections is flat in the extreme, for they pass through the heart of the almost weirdly desolate Fens. Naturally engineering features are not spectacular, for the Fen Country is the last place to require imposing viaducts or long tunnels. There is only one tunnel, a short one near Bourne. A little to the east of Sutton Bridge, however, the River Nene is crossed by the fine Crosskeys Swing Bridge, which carries both road and railway traffic, and there is another swing bridge over Breydon Water, near Yarmouth. At Bourne, too, there is a most unusual feature. The Old Red House, an Elizabethan mansion, was once the residence of Sir Everard Digby, involved in the Gunpowder Plot. It is incorporated in Bourne Station. No other Elizabethan railway station can be traced.

At King's Lynn, as on the old Eastern and Midlands Railway, are situated the head offices of the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway. These are in the town, instead of being at King's Lynn or South Lynn stations, as might be expected. The M. & G.N. trains use the same station at King's Lynn as those of the L.N.E.R., but the South Lynn Station is independent, and has extensive sidings and a locomotive running shed adjoining.

It is a rather remarkable fact also, apart from the unusual situation of the offices, that these are not even situated in a town on the main line of the railway which they control, since King's Lynn, as already stated, is two miles from the main line of the M. & G.N.

After Lynn the Fen Country is left behind, and the scenery becomes gently hilly, increasing in contour as the line bears eastwards through Massingham and Fakenham to Melton Constable. Melton Constable is an important junction, and here also are the Mechanical and Civil Engineering Departments' workshops and offices, where all engineering repair work and much constructional work is carried out. The village of Melton Constable is some way from the works.

From Melton two branches bear away from the main line, one running north-east through Holt to Sheringham and Cromer, and the other southwards to Norwich through some of the prettiest pastoral country in England. At Norwich, the Midland and Great Northern ends at the City Station, the largest on the whole system. The main line from Melton Constable bears roughly south-east-by-east for the rest of its course to Yarmouth, connecting with the Norfolk and Suffolk Joint Line at North Walsham. Altogether, the Midland and Great Northern Joint Railway has rather more than 183 miles of route, most, though not all of it, single track worked on the electric train tablet system. The engines, as on those on some of the Scottish lines, are fitted with apparatus for automatically exchanging the tablets while travelling at speed. Another twenty-two miles of route are accounted for by the Norfolk and Suffolk Joint lines.

The old railways which went to make up the M. & G.N. had an extraordinary collection of locomotives, and some which were bought second-hand from the Cornwall Minerals Railway (now part of the Great Western) were at work quite recently. These were outside cylinder 0-6-0 tank engines. The Eastern and Midlands Company made an effort at standardisation some years before it was absorbed, and had a number of 4-4-0 passenger engines built by Beyer, Peacock and Company. These had outside cylinders, and were similar to contemporary locomotives on the old London and South Western Railway. In more recent years, in the course of their rebuilding in the shops at Melton Constable, they were fitted with larger boilers, and, thus altered, some have lasted for many years. At the present time they may be seen at work at Melton Constable and on the Sheringham and Cromer branch.

As evidence of the success of these Eastern and Midland engines, during this century the M. & G.N. built several 4-4-2 tank locomotives which followed the old Beyer Peacock design remarkably closely, allowing for the addition of the side tanks, bunkers, and trailing radial axles.

After the present Joint Committee had taken over, many new locomotives were built. From first to last, with two important exceptions, the designs of the true M. & G.N, locomotive classes have originated at the old Midland works at Derby. During the 1890's, numerous handsome 4-4-0 express engines were designed for the M. & G.N. by Mr. S. W. Johnson, who was then in charge of the Midland Railway locomotives. These are still at work. They have been rebuilt with extended smoke-boxes during recent years, some having had large modern boilers fitted, and in their present form work the most important passenger trains over the main line and the Norwich branch.

Although the rebuilding process has changed their outlines, their Midland origin is still unmistakable to anyone who knows the present Midland Division of the L.M.S. Contemporaneously with these, a batch of 0-6-0 goods locomotives appeared, and these were identical with Mr. Johnson's standard Midland goods engines.

The first of the important exceptions to the Midland rule originated at Doncaster, and consists of a series of heavy 0-6-0 goods engines similar to those which the late Mr. H. A. Ivatt built for the former Great Northern Railway. They are the most powerful engines on the Midland and Great Northern, and handle the heavy goods trains from the industrial Midlands. The other exception to the Derby rule is the 4-4-2 tank class already mentioned.

The locomotives of the Midland and Great Northern, about fifty in number, are painted a dark chocolate colour, lined out with bright yellow. Until quite recently, however, a striking livery was in use, namely, deep gamboge yellow, somewhat resembling that used by the Brighton line in days gone by. The coaching stuck on the Midland and Great Northern is of the same type as that used by the L.N.E.R. for secondary and country branch passenger traffic, together with some of the older North Western bogie carriages. They include several early corridor coaches which were formerly used on the East Coast Anglo-Scottish expresses. The through trains from the Midlands and from King's Cross are always composed of modern corridor stock of the L.M.S. and L.N.E. Railways respectively, as the ordinary M. & G.N. coaches, though sufficient for normal country needs, are hardly suitable for long-distance traffic.

For a cross-country single-track railway serving a relatively sparsely populated area, the Midland and Great Northern provides a remarkably good train service. The Birmingham to Lowestoft Express, which conveys also through carriages from Leicester, runs from Bourne to South Lynn, thirty-four and a quarter miles, in fifty-two minutes. Going forward from South Lynn, this train covers the seventy-five and a quarter miles to Yarmouth in two hours thirteen minutes, the journey including six stops. Continuing over the Norfolk and Suffolk joint line, the train reaches Lowestoft thirty-one minutes after leaving Yarmouth. The overall journey time for the 196 miles from Birmingham to Lowestoft is six and a half hours. Some of the stations through which the train passes in the Fen district have names peculiar to unaccustomed ears. Between Bourne and Sutton Bridge, for instance, two consecutive stations are named Twenty and Counter Drain.

We will now turn from the Fens and the hill pastures of East Anglia to the richer and more luxuriant localities of the West Country, where we find the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway linking Bath with Bournemouth.

2-8-0 GOODS ENGINE operating on the Somerset and Dorset Railway. The engine following L.M.S. practice was designed by Sir Henry Fowler in 1925. The railway is owned by the Southern and L.M.S. groups.

In some ways, the Somerset and Dorset bears a strong resemblance to the M. & G.N., and it, too, was not always a joint railway. Though the Somerset and Dorset has had a chequered past, it has been notable for its steady improvement under the joint administration of the Midland and the London and South Western and their successors, the L.M.S. and the Southern Railways. For some years it had the most comfortable third-class carriages in the south of England. This was probably due to the Midland influence.

The Somerset and Dorset's history began with the incorporation of two separate railways, the Somerset Central, a broad-gauge line, and the Dorset Central, built to the standard gauge, and at first worked by the London and South Western Railway. The Somerset Central was opened from Highbridge to Glastonbury in 1854; the Dorset Central, which it was originally intended to call by the imposing title of the "South Midland Union Railway" had its initial section opened from Blandford to Wimborne in 1860.

The two railways were gradually extended to link up with each other. The Somerset Central laid down a third rail to accommodate through trains from the Dorset Central. When finally, in 1862, they amalgamated, the gauge was made uniform throughout. In 1874 the Somerset and Dorset was connected with the Midland by a line from Evercreech Junction to Bath. In 1876 the Midland and the London and South Western took a joint lease of the line, and its hard times were over.

QUEEN SQUARE BATH. From this station the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway operates trains to Bournemouth West, a distance of 71½ miles, via Evercreech Junction and Templecombe. Queen Square, which is the terminus of the L.M.S. line to Mangotsfield Junction, for Gloucester and Birmingham, is about one mile from the Great Western Railway's station at Bath.

The old company continued to exist until the grouping in 1923, when it was dissolved, and the Somerset and Dorset became a joint undertaking of the L.M.S. and the Southern, as successors to the Midland and the London and South Western. The Somerset and Dorset must not be confused with another railway which was absorbed by the Great Western in 1923 - namely, the Midland and South Western Junction. The last-named was an entirely independent company, linking up Swindon with Southampton via Andover, and Cheltenham via Andoversford. The coincidence of the two names is noteworthy.

To return to the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway, the L.M.S. influence is, perhaps, stronger than on the Midland and Great Northern Joint. The locomotives are provided by the L.M.S., though until the end of 1929 the Locomotive Department was in much the same position as that of the Midland and Great Northern Joint.

The plan of the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway is simple in the extreme, the lines appearing on a railway map in the form of the letter Y. The main line runs north-west to Evercreech Junction from Broadstone Junction (Dorset), on the Southern Railway's line from Bournemouth West and Poole to Wimborne. This forms the tail of the Y and it has a short branch from a point between Corfe Mullen and Bailey Gate to Wimbourne, the original terminus of the Dorset Central Railway. From Evercreech Junction two main lines diverge, the most important running north to Bath over the Mendips, and serving on its way the collieries at Radstock. The other runs to Highbridge and Burnham-on-Sea, with branches from Glastonbury to Wells and from Edington Junction to Bridgwater.

These main and branch lines comprise the whole system, which consists of 105½ miles of route, all but a little over forty-five miles being single track. Though the southern extremity of the railway is at Broadstone Junction, the Somerset and Dorset trains run over the Southern Railway into Bournemouth West Station, which is the terminus from an operating point of view.

The original locomotives of the Somerset and Dorset, before it became a joint railway, were, as with those of the M. & G.N.. somewhat heterogeneous. The ordinary passenger trains - there were no expresses - were worked by small 2-4-0 engines built by George England at Hatcham Ironworks, off the Old Kent Road in London. They were inadequate, even for the light trains of the 1860's. When the Joint Committee took control, they speedily disappeared, though for a while a few were used for departmental work by the London and South Western.

These engines were painted dark green, but on the Wells branch there was an exception. This was a 2-4-0 tank engine, painted in a deep royal blue, and unofficially known as "The Bluebottle." In spite of her unlovely name this little tank engine established a precedent, for under the Joint Committee royal blue was adopted as the colour for locomotives and coaches. This colour-scheme remained the standard until the beginning of 1930.

IRLAM VIADUCT, 8½ miles from Manchester, carries the track of the Cheshire lines over the Manchester Ship Canal

With the coming of the Joint Committee in the 1870's, greatly improved locomotives and rolling stock made their appearance, and thereafter the Somerset and Dorset engines closely followed Midland practice, as on the Midland and Great Northern. The coaching stock, built in the Committee's own works at Highbridge, was more individual. That built during the present century was excellent, and in the days when the London and South Western still provided second-class accommodation, that company's "seconds" resembled the Somerset and Dorset "thirds." The Somerset and Dorset did not, however, have any corridor trains, as did both the owning companies, nor did its coaches have the lofty clerestory roofs which were such a universal feature of the opulent Midland rolling stock.

With certain exceptions, the 4-4-0 express, 0-4-4 tank and 0-6-0 goods locomotives of the Somerset and Dorset were practically the same as contemporary Midland engines. But in 1914 six large goods engines of the 2-8-0 type were introduced by Sir Henry Fowler, and eleven years later a further series, with larger boilers, was set to work. These had no counterpart on the Midland Railway, or on the L.M.S. under Sir Henry Fowler, but Mr. W. A. Stanier's fine goods engines built for the L.M.S. during the summer of 1935 bear some resemblance to them.

On January 1, 1930, the L.M.S. took over all the Somerset and Dorset Joint locomotives, while the carriages and wagons were divided between the L.M.S. and the Southern Railway. In 1935 therefore, the L.M.S. provides the motive power for the line, both companies provide the passenger and goods stock, and the Southern Railway maintains the stations and the permanent way. So while the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway maintains its old status, its outward characteristics are now disappearing rapidly and it no longer builds its own rolling stock at Highbridge.

Few railways besides the Somerset and Dorset can boast of traversing such charming country throughout practically the whole of their systems. Sylvan and pastoral beauty follows the line-side from the heaths of southern Dorset to the almost mountainous Mendips, and about the fascinating old towns of Glastonbury and Wells lies a region almost unrivalled in the richness of its ancient and mediaeval history.

MANCHESTER CENTRAL STATION, A terminus of the Cheshire Lines. This important station, with nine platforms, has to accommodate a large volume of passenger traffic from Liverpool and Cheshire, London and the Midlands. A goods yard and station adjoin the passenger station.

On the Bath line there are severe gradients over the Mendip Hills. An ascent of five and a half miles from Evercreech Junction to the summit-level is followed by two and a quarter miles down to Radstock, all at 1 in 50, with a further stretch on the same gradient from Midford down to Bath. The summit, 811 ft. above sea-level, lies between Masbury and Binegar, in the heart of the Mendips.

Throughout its length from Bath to Bournemouth, the Somerset and Dorset line is traversed by the well-known "Pines Express." The sixty-seven miles from Bath to Poole are covered in summer, without a booked intermediate stop, in one hour forty-eight minutes by the through Saturday train from Sheffield; but the "Pines Express," from Manchester, with through carriages from Liverpool, Leeds, and Bradford, takes rather longer, as it calls at Evercreech Junction, Templecombe, and Blandford on the way. On the return journey it stops at Broadstone, Blandford, Evercreech Junction, and Shepton Mallet. This express runs all the year.

On Friday nights and Saturday mornings in the summer there is also an excellent night express, which arrives at Bournemouth at 6-39 a.m., having left Liverpool at ten o'clock the previous evening. The corresponding northbound train is rather faster, for it leaves Bournemouth at 11-00 p.m. and reaches Liverpool at 6-42 a.m. These night expresses do not convey local Somerset and Dorset passengers.

The busiest of the three joint mainline railways is the system known as the Cheshire Lines, worked by a Managing Committee with headquarters at Liverpool, and jointly owned by the L.M.S. and the L.N.E.R., the latter company's share being the larger. This railway was originally incorporated in 1865 as a concern jointly owned by the Great Northern and the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railways, the Midland coming in as a third partner shortly afterwards, in 1866. The Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway later became the Great Central, which, with the Great Northern, became a constituent company of the London and North Eastern. This is the reason why L.N.E.R. interests predominate in the Cheshire Lines of 1935.

POWER SIGNALLING was introduced in June 1935 at the Manchester terminus of the Cheshire Lines Committee. The electrically operated signal box, seen on the right of this photograph, replaced four mechanical signal boxes. All the signals controlled by the new cabin are of the colour-light, multi-lens type.

A closely associated neighbour of the Cheshire Lines is the Manchester, South Junction and Altrincham Railway, which was incorporated as far back as 1845. It is similarly jointly owned by the L.M.S. and the L.N.E.R. and, though only a little over nine miles in length, carries a heavy passenger traffic. It was electrified in 1931, being the first passenger-carrying line in Great Britain to be operated on the D.C. system at 1,500 volts with overhead conductors. The Cheshire Lines are still worked throughout by steam traction.

The total length of the Cheshire Lines, roughly 143 miles, is less than that of the Midland and Great Northern, but the system and traffic are much more concentrated. It connects Manchester Central with Liverpool Central Stations by means of a main line running through Glazebrook and Warrington, to the south of the historic line of the L.M.S. From Halewood, on the main line, a branch runs north to Southport (Lord Street Station); from Glazebrook another runs east to Stockport and Godley Junction on the Sheffield-Manchester line of the L.N.E.R. (Great Central Section). From Timperley, on the Stockport line, a connection is effected by means of the Manchester, South junction and Altrincham Railway with another main route running south-west to Chester (Northgate Station), with a branch (now closed) to Whitegate and Winsford, where there are extensive works belonging to the Salt Union. From Manchester Central another branch runs through Chorlton-cum-Hardy, where it connects with the L.M.S. line, to the Sheffield-Manchester line of the L.N.E.R. at Guide Bridge.

THE CHESHIRE LINES are a system jointly owned by the L.M.S. and the L.N.E.R. The joint railway was originally incorporated in 1885. This photograph shows the high viaduct by which the Cheshire Lines tracks enter Manchester Central Station. The joint railway has 143 miles of standard gauge track open, and handles some important main-line traffic from both the controlling systems.

Manchester Central Station, with its great arched roof reminiscent of St. Pancras in London, is the largest station on the Cheshire Lines; it covers ten acres of land practically in the heart of the city, and contains nine platforms with a total length of 6,000 ft. Trains from the Great Central section of the L.N.E.R. run into London Road Station as well as the Central, but nearly all the Midland Division traffic from the L.M.S. is handled by the Cheshire Lines. At Liverpool Central Station, the Cheshire Lines deal with all the L.N.E.R. traffic into Liverpool as well as with their own. This terminus adjoins that of the underground electric Mersey Railway, giving rapid access to the Docks and to Birkenhead.

THE INTERIOR OF THE POWER SIGNAL BOX which controls Manchester Central Station, its approaches, and entrances to goods yard. The operating room of the signal cabin contains an electric interlocking frame of 128 levers. A white indication light is provided for each lever, and this is illuminated when the lever may be pulled and extinguished when the lever is locked.

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