FRtR > Outlines > American History (1994) > Chapter Thirteen > Third-Party and Independent Candidates (16/16)
An Outline of American History (1994)
Chapter Thirteen
Third-Party and Independent Candidates (16/16)
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The United States is often thought of as a two-party system. In
practical effect it is: either a Democrat or a Republican has
occupied the White House every year since 1852. At the same
time, however, the country has produced a plethora of third and
minor parties over the years. For example, 58 parties were
represented on at least one state ballot during the 1992
presidential elections. Among these were such obscure parties as
the Apathy, the Looking Back, the New Mexico Prohibition, the
Tish Independent Citizens and the Vermont Taxpayers.
In general, third parties organize around a single issue or set
of issues. They tend to fare best when they have a charismatic
leader. With the presidency out of reach, most seek a platform
to publicize their political and social concerns.
Theodore Roosevelt
The most successful third party candidate of
this century was a Republican, Theodore Roosevelt, the former
president. His Progressive or Bull Moose Party won 27.4 percent
of the vote in the 1912 election. The progressive wing of the
Republican Party, having grown disenchanted with President
William Howard Taft, whom Roosevelt had hand-picked as his
successor, urged Roosevelt to seek the party nomination in 1912.
This he did, defeating Taft in a number of primaries. Taft
controlled the party machinery, however, and secured the
nomination.
Roosevelt's supporters then broke away and formed the Progressive
Party. Declaring himself as fit as a bull moose (hence the
party's popular name), Roosevelt campaigned on a platform of
regulating "big business," women's suffrage, a graduated income
tax, the Panama Canal and conservation. His effort was
sufficient to defeat Taft. By splitting the Republican vote,
however, he helped ensure the election of the Democrat Woodrow
Wilson.
Socialists
The Socialist Party also reached its high point in
1912, attaining 6 percent of the popular vote. Perennial
candidate Eugene
Debs won over 900,000 votes that year,
advocating collective ownership of the transportation and
communication industries, shorter working hours and public works
projects to spur employment. Jailed for sedition during World
War I, Debs campaigned from his cell in 1920, but neither he nor
his successors ever duplicated the results of 1912.
Robert LaFollette
Another Progressive was Senator Robert
LaFollette, who won 16.6 percent of the vote in the 1924
election. Long a champion of farmers and industrial workers, and
an ardent foe of big business, LaFollette was a prime mover in
the recreation of the Progressive movement following World War I.
Backed by the farm and labor vote, as well as by Socialists and
remnants of Roosevelt's Bull Moose Party, LaFollette ran on a
platform of nationalizing railroads and the country's natural
resources. He also strongly supported increased taxation on the
wealthy and the right of collective bargaining. Despite a strong
showing in certain regions, he carried only his home state of
Wisconsin.
Henry Wallace
The Progressive Party reinvented itself in 1948
with the nomination of Henry Wallace, a former secretary of
agriculture and vice president under Franklin Roosevelt. Briefly
Harry Truman's secretary of commerce, he was fired for opposing
Truman's firm stand against the Soviet Union. Wallace's 1948
platform opposed the Cold War, the Marshall Plan and big
business. He also campaigned to end discrimination against
blacks and women, backed a minimum wage and called for the
elimination of the House Committee on Un-American Activities. His
failure to repudiate the U.S. Communist Party, which had endorsed
him, undermined his popularity and he wound up with just over 2.4
percent of the popular vote.
Dixiecrats
The same percentage was attained by the States
Rights or Dixiecrat Party, led by South Carolina governor Strom
Thurmond. Like the Progressives, the Dixiecrats broke away from
the Democrats in 1948. Their opposition, however, stemmed not
from Truman's Cold War policies, but his civil rights platform.
Although defined in terms of "states rights," the party's main
goal was continuing racial segregation and the "Jim Crow" laws
which sustained it.
George Wallace
The racial and social upheavals of the 1960s
helped bring George Wallace, another segregationist Southern
governor, to national attention. Wallace built a following
through his colorful attacks against civil rights, liberals and
the federal government. Founding the American Independent Party
in 1968, he ran his campaign from the statehouse in Montgomery,
Alabama, winning 13.5 percent of the overall presidential vote.
H. Ross Perot
Every third party seeks to capitalize on popular
dissatisfaction with the major parties and the federal
government. At few times in recent history, however, has this
sentiment been as strong as it was during the 1992 election. A
hugely wealthy Texas businessman, Perot possessed a knack for
getting his message of economic common sense and fiscal
responsibility across to a wide spectrum of American people.
Lampooning the nation's leaders and reducing his economic message
to easily understood formulae, Perot found little difficulty
gaining media attention. His campaign organization, United We
Stand, was staffed primarily by volunteers and backed by his
personal fortune. Far from resenting his wealth, many admired
Perot's business success and the freedom it brought him from
soliciting campaign funds from special interests.
Perot withdrew from the race in July. Re-entering it a month
before the election, he won over 19 million votes, by far the
largest number ever tallied by a third party candidate and second
only to Roosevelt's 1912 showing as a percentage of the
total.
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