With the exception of decorative bands called astragals and fillets, the 18th century gun featured no embossed , ie raised, decorations but earlier ordnance frequently included them in abundance. Indeed, many pieces were considered works of art, and still are. But works of art are often expensive, especially when skillfully executed. Models of the embossed features had first to be carved in wax, then carefully attached to the main model. During the removal of the latter from the mould heat was applied to melt the wax, thus leaving cavities of the required shape later filled by molten metal. Not only was the production of these decorations expensive, it was also time-consuming, requiring the employment of highly skilled artists - nor did they make the slightest difference to the ballistic performance of the gun. Also embossed decorations hampered machining operations because where they occurred the piece could not be turned but had to be planned. Lastly, if the gun failed at proof the cost was money down the drain as it were.
Common sense prevailed; with the exception of astragals and fillets, many of which were simplified or dispensed with, embossed decorations had largely disappeared by the 18th century, and no marks of any kind appeared on a gun before proof. If it passed proof necessary markings only were engraved on the metal, ie cut with hammer and chisel. They were usually limited to the Royal Monogram, weight, date of manufacture, the broad arrow (signifying Government ownership) and the register number. On brass ordnance the monogram of the Master General of the Ordnance (after 1855 the Secretary of State for War) was also engraved on the chase. Thus if the gun failed proof much less time and money were wasted than with the older system. As iron gradually superseded bronze guns became even plainer because in casting iron did not lend itself so well to the reproduction of intricate designs, particularly of an embossed nature. Essential marks only were engraved after proof.
A feature of early guns was the incorporation of lifting handles at the centre of gravity called dolphins which animals they were made to resemble. They had first to be carved in wax as with other embossed decorations already mentioned. However, Gunners at last realised that one end of a sling around the cascable and the other round a piece of skidding inserted in the muzzle was a better way to lift a gun. Lifting handles were soon made plain, ie lost their dolphin shape, and by the end of the 18th century were becoming rare.
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WL Ruffell Issue 85 March 1995 |
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