Contents of this section:
Section B.1: Common Internet abbreviations
Section B.2: Common naval abbreviations
Section B.3: Naval vessel designations (USA/NATO)
Section B.4: Naval vessel designations (USSR/Russia)
Section B.5: Warship naming
Section B.6: Meaning of warship status categories
Section B.8: Ship Displacements
Section B.9: Conversion factors
:-) = Smile
:) = Smile
:-( = Frown
:( = Frown
;-) = Wink
;) = Wink
AFAIK = As Far As I Know
AKA = Also Known As
BTW = By The Way
FAQ = Frequently Asked Questions
FWIW = For What It's Worth
FYI = For Your Information
IIRC = If I Remember Correctly
IMHO = In My Humble Opinion
IMNSHO = In My Not So Humble Opinion
IMO = In My Opinion
ISTR = I Seem To Recall/Remember
ROTFL = Rolling On The Floor Laughing
WRT = With Respect To
YMMV = Your Mileage May Vary
This is a list of the most common abbreviation used in naval discussions. It is not a comprehensive list, nor does it include very common abbreviations such as US, UK, ft. and km. See http://www.hazegray.org/faq/ for a more comprehensive list of abbreviations and acronyms. See below for ship designations.
AA = Anti-Aircraft
AAA = Anti-Aircraft Artillery
AAM = Air-to-Air Missile
AAW = Anti-Aircraft Warfare
AEW = Airborne Early Warning
ALCM = Air-Launched Cruise Missile
AMRAAM = Advanced Medium-Range Air-to-Air Missile (Sparrow replacement)
AP = Armour Piercing (shell/shot)
ARPA = Advanced Research Projects Agency (USA)
ASM = Air-to-Surface Missile (sometimes Anti-Ship Missile)
ASROC = Anti-Submarine Rocket (rocket-boosted torpedo or depth charge)
ASW = Anti-Submarine Warfare
ASuW = Anti-Surface Warfare
AVGas = Aviation Gasoline
AVMF = Aviatsiya Voenno-Morsko Flota (Naval Air Force) (Russia)
AWACS = Airborne Warning and Control System
bhp = brake horsepower
BPDMS = Basic Point Defense Missile System (Sea Sparrow)
BU = Broken Up
BuShips = US Bureau of Ships
CAG = Carrier Air Group (obsolete) or Air Wing Commander (derived
from Commander, Air Group)
Cal = Caliber
CAP = Combat Air Patrol
CAS = Close Air Support
CAW = Carrier Air Wing (obsolete)
CEC = Cooperative Engagement Capability
CIC = Combat Information Center
CIS = Commonwealth of Independent States
CIWS = Close In Weapons System
CNO = Chief of Naval Operations
CO = Commanding Officer
COD = Carrier On-Board Delivery
CODAG = Combined Diesel and Gas (turbine) propulsion
CODOG = Combined Diesel or Gas (turbine) propulsion
CODLAG = Combined Diesel-Electric and Gas (turbine) propulsion
COGAG = Combined Gas (turbine) and Gas (turbine) propulsion
COGOG = Combined Gas (turbine) or Gas (turbine) proplulsion
COH = Complex Overhaul
COIN = Counter-Insurgency
Comm = Commissioned
CONAS = Combined Nuclear And Steam (turbine) propulsion
COSAG = Combined Steam (turbine) and Gas (turbine) propulsion
CSAR = Combat Search and Rescue
CT = Conning Tower
CTOL = Conventional Take-Off and Landing
CVW = Carrier Air Wing
DARPA = Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (USA) (now ARPA)
DASH = Drone Anti-Submarine Helicopter
DBS = Doppler Beam Sharpening
DC = Depth Charge
decom = decommission(ed)
D/F or DF = Direction-Finder, Direction-Finding
DOD = Department of Defense (USA)
DP = Dual Purpose (gun)
ECCM = Electronic Counter-Countermeasures
ECM = Electronic Countermeasures
ehp = equivalent horsepower
ELINT = Electronic Intelligence
EMP = Electromagnetic Pulse
EPM = Electronic Protective Measures (i.e. ECCM)
ESM = Electronic Support/Surveillance Measures
EW = Electronic Warfare
FAC = Forward Air Control
FCS = Fire Control System
FLIR = Forward-Looking Infrared
FOD = Foreign Object Damage
FRAM = Fleet Rehabilitation And Modernization
FSU = Former Soviet Union
FUSSR = Former USSR
FY = Fiscal Year
GB = Great Britain
GFCS = Gun Fire Control System
GIUK = Greenland-Iceland-United Kingdom (gap)
GP = General Purpose
GPS = Global Positioning System
GRP = Glass Reinforced Plastic (fiberglass)
GT = Gas Turbine
GUPPY = Greater Underwater Propulsive Power (submarine modification)
HA = High Angle (gun)
HC = High Capacity (shell) (high explosive, for shore bombardment)
HE = High Explosive (shell or warhead)
H/F or HF = High Frequency
HF/DF = High Frequency Direction Finding (for ASW)
HMS = His/Her Majesty's Ship (UK)
HMAS = His/Her Majesty's Australian Ship
HMCS = His/Her Majesty's Canadian Ship
HMNZS = His/Her Majesty's New Zealand Ship
HP = High Pressure (usually steam)
hp = horsepower
HUK = Hunter-Killer (ASW group)
ICIR = In Commission, In Reserve
IFF = Identification Friend-or-Foe
IFR = in-flight refuelling
ihp = indicated horsepower
IJN = Imperial Japanese Navy
INS = Inertial Navigation System
IR = Infrared
ISAR = Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar
JATO = Jet-Assisted Take-Off
JMSDF = Japanese Maritime Self Defense Force (Japanese Navy)
JPATS = Joint Primary Aircraft Training System (T-34-T-37 replacement)
JTIDS = Joint Tactical Information Distribution System
LAMPS = Light Airborne Multi-Purpose System (ASW helicopter)
LANTIRN = Low-Altitude Navigation and Targeting Infrared for Night (pod)
LGB = Laser-Guided Bomb
LP = Low Pressure (usually steam)
LTA = Lighter Than Air (blimp/aerostat)
MAD = Magnetic Anomaly Detection
MARAD = Maritime Administration (USA)
MIRV = Multiple Independently Targetted Re-entry Vehicle
MG = Machine Gun
MoD = Ministry of Defense (UK)
MPA = Maritime Patrol Aircraft
MSC = Military Sealift Command (USA)
MSTS = Military Sea Transportation Service (USA) (now MSC)
MTB = Motor Torpedo Boat
MTS = Moored Training Ship
NAS = Naval Air Station
NATF = Naval Advanced Tactical Fighter
NATO = North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NAVSAT = Navigation Satellite
NBC = Nuclear/Biological/Chemical Warfare
NDRF = National Defense Reserve Fleet (USA)
NECPA = National Emergency Command Post Afloat
NGFS = Naval Gunfire Support
nm = nautical mile(s)
NRF = Naval Reserve Force (USA)
NRO = National Reconniassance Office (USA)
NSSM = NATO Sea Sparrow Missile
NTDS = Naval Tactical Data System
NVG = Night Vision Goggles
NVR = Naval Vessels Register (USA)
OPV = Offshore Patrol Vessel
PDMS = Point Defense Missile System
pdr = pounder
PGM = Precision Guided Munition(s)
psi = pounds per square inch (pressure)
PWR = Pressurized Water Reactor
QF = Quick Firing (gun)
RAF = Royal (British) Air Force
RAN = Royal Australian Navy
RATO = Rocket-Assisted Take-Off
RCN = Royal Canadian Navy
RCOH = Refuelling/Comprehensive Overhaul
RCS = Radar Cross-Section
R&D = Research & Development
Recce = Reconnaissance
Recon = Reconnaissance
RIO = Radar Intercept Officer
RF = Rapid Fire (gun)
RN = Royal Navy (UK)
ROH = Regular Overhaul
rpgpm = rounds per gun per minute
rpm = rounds per minute (gun) or revolutions per minute
RPV = Remote-Piloted Vehicle
RRF = Ready Reserve Fleet (USA)
SAM = Surface-to-Air Missile
SAR = Search and Rescue
SAR = Synthetic Aperture Radar
SATCOM = Satellite Communication
SEAD = Suppression of Enemy Air Defences
SHAR = Sea Harrier
shp = shaft horsepower
SLAM = Standoff Land Attack Missile
SLAR = Sideways-Looking Airborne Radar
SLBM = Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile
SLEP = Service Life Extention Program
SLUF = Short Little Ugly F***er (A-7)
SOSUS = Sound Surveillance Sustem
SP = Single Purpose
SR = Strike Rescue (same as CSAR)
ST = Steam Turbine
STOL = Short Take-Off and Landing
STOVL = Short Take-Off/Vertical Landing
str = stricken
SUBROC = Submarine (ASW) Rocket
TACAMO = Take Charge and Move Out (strategic communications aircraft)
TACAN = Tactical Air Navigation Aid
TACTASS = Tactical Towed Array Surveillance System
TARPS = Tactical Air Reconnaissance Pod System
TASM = Tomahawk Anti-Ship Missile
TCS = Television Camera System
TFCC = Tactical Flag Command Center
TFR = Terrain-Following Radar
TLAM = Tomahawk Land Attack Missile
TRAM = Target Recognition and Attack Multi-Sensor
TS = Training Ship
TT = Torpedo Tube(s)
UAV = Unmanned Air Vehicle
UHF = Ultra High Frequency
UNREP = Underway Replenishment
USAF = United States Air Force
USCG = United States Coast Guard
USCGC = United States Coast Guard Cutter
USMC = United States Marine Corps
USN = United States Navy
USNS = United States Naval Ship (civilian manned USN vessel)
USS = United States Ship (commissioned USN vessel)
VDS = Variable Depth Sonar
VIFF = Vectoring in Forward Flight (Harrier)
VLF = Very Low Frequency
VLS = Vertical (missile) Launch System
V/STOL = Vertical/Short Take-Off and Landing
VTE = Vertical Triple Expansion (reciprocating engines)
VTO = Vertical Take-Off
VTOL = Vertical Take-Off and Landing
WIG = Wing In Ground-Effect
WSO = Weapon Systems Officer
W/T = Wireless Telegraphy (obsolete)
XO = Executive Officer (2nd in command)
This list is not comphrehensive; it includes only the more common designations. There are literally hundreds of obscure designations. See http://www.hazegray.org/faq/ for more complete lists. These designations are US Navy designations, but they are often unofficially applied to foreign warships. Designations are listed by type, then in alphabetical order.
It is important to realize that these are designations, not abbreviations or acronyms. Thus, the letters may not individually "stand for" anything; it is the designation as a whole that has some assigned meaning or definition. These definitions can be changed without changing the letters of the designation.
All information in this section provided by Brooks Rowlett.
Abbrev. Classification Translation
===== ============== ===============
AK Avianosnyy Kreyser Aircraft Carrying Cruiser
AKA Artilleriyskiy Kater Artillery Cutter
AKVP Amfibiynyy Kater Na Vozdushnoy Air Cushion Amphibious Craft
Rechnoyy
AKVP Amfibiynyy Kater Na Vozdushnoy Air Cushion Amphibious Craft
Podushke Rechnoyy
BDK Bol'shoy Desantnyy Korabl' Large Landing Ship
BPK Bol'shoy Protivolodochnyy Korabl' Large Antisubmarine Ship
BPKR Bol'shoy Protivolodochnyy Kreyer Large Antisubmarine Cruiser
BRK Bol'shoy Raketnyy Korabl' Large Missile Ship
BT Bazovyy Tral'shchik Base Minesweeper
BTK Bol'shoy Torpednyy Kater Large Torpedo Cutter (craft)
DK Desantnyy Korabl' Landing Ship
DKA Desantnyy Kater Landing Cutter (craft)
DKVP Desantnyy Korabl' Na
Vozdushnoy Podushke Air Cushion Landing Ship
DS Desantnyy Sudno Landing Vessel
EHOS Expeditsionnoye
Okeanograficheskoye Sudno Expeditionary Oceanographic Vessel
EM Eskadrenny Minonosets Destroyer (literally: squadron
mine vessel)
ENS Elektrostanttsiye Nalivatel'noye
Sudno Electric Power Station Vessel
GKS Gidroakusticheskoye
Kontrol'noye Sudno Hydroacoustic Monitoring Vessel
GP Gidrografichekoye Pribrezhnyy Bot Inshore Survey Craft
GS Gidrograficheskoye Sudno Hydrographic Vessel
KIL Kilektor Lift Ship
KR Kreyser Cruiser
KRZ Korabl' Razvedyvatel'nyy Intelligence Ship
KS Kabel'noye Sudno Cable Vessel
KSV Korabl' Svyazey Communications Ship
KT Kater Tral'shchik Minesweeping Cutter (craft)
KTs Kontrol'naya Tsel' Controlled target
KVN Korabl' Vozdushnogo
Nablyudeniya Radar Surveillance Ship
LDK Ledokol Icebreaker
MB Morskoy Buksir Seagoing Tug
MPK Malyy Protivolodochnyy Korabl' Small Antisubmarine Ship
MRK Malyy Raketnyy Korabl' Small Missile Ship
MT Morskoy Tral'shchik Seagoing Minesweeper
MVT Morskoy Vodnyy Tanker Seagoing Water Tanker
OS Opitnoye Sudno Experimental Vessel
PB Plavuchaya Baza Floating Base
PKA Protivolodochnyy Kater Antisubmarine Cutter
PKR Protivolodochnyy Kreyser Antisubmarine Cruiser
PL Podvodnaya Lodka Submarine
PLA Podvodnaya Lodka Atomnaya Submarine (nuclear)
PLARB Podvodnaya Lodka Atomnaya
Raketnaya Ballistecheskaya Ballistic Missile Submarine (nuclear)
PLARK Podvodnaya Lodka Atomnaya
Raketnaya Krylataya Cruise Missile Submarine (nuclear)
PLRB Podvodnaya Lodka Raketnaya
Ballistecheskaya Ballistic Missile Submarine
PLRK Podvodnaya Lodka Raketnaya
Krylataya Cruise Missile Submarine
PLK Protivolodochnyy Korabl' Antisubmarine Ship
PM Plavuchaya Masterskaya Floating Workshop
PSKR Pogranichniy Storoshevoy
Korabl' Border Patrol Ship
PZHK Pozharnyy Kater Firefighting Cutter (craft)
PZHS Pozharnoye Sudno Firefighting Vessel
RKA Raketnyy Kater Missile Cutter
RKR Raketnyy Kreyser Missile Cruiser
RT Reydovoy Tral'shchik Roadstead Minesweeper
SB Spasatel'nyy Buksir Rescue Tug
SBR Sudno Bol'shogo
Razmagnichivanya Large Deperming Vessel
SDK Srednyy Desantnyy Korabl' Medium Landing Ship
SKA Storozhevoy Kater Patrol Cutter (craft)
SKR Storoshevoy Korabl' Patrol Ship
SR Sudno Razmagnichivanya Deperming Vessel
SS Spasatel'noye Sudno Salvage Vessel
SSV Sudno Svyazey Communications Vessel
TAKR Takticheskoye Avianosnyy
Kreyser Tactical Aircraft Carrying Cruiser
TKA Torpednyy Kater Torpedo Cutter
TPKR Tyazholyi Protivolodochnyy Heavy Antisubmarine Cruiser
Kreyser
US Uchebnoye Sudno Training Vessel
VT Voyenyy Tanker Military Tanker
VT Vspomagatek'byy Tral'shchik Auxiliary Minesweeper
VTR Voyenyy Transport Military Transport
ZM Zaggraditel' Minnyy Minelayer
Soviet/Russian ship classifications by class
Class Classification ===== =============== Typhoon PLARB Delta PLARB Yankee PLARB Hotel PLARB Golf PLRB Oscar PLARK Papa PLARK Charlie PLARK Echo PLARK Juliett PLRK Sierra PLA Akula PLA Mike PLA Alfa PLA Victor PLA November PLA Kilo PL Tango PL Foxtrot PL Romeo PL Zulu PL (some converted to PLRB) Whiskey PL (some converted to PLRK) Kuznetsov TAKR Gorshkov TAKR Kiev TAKR, ex-BPKR, ex-TPKR Moskva PKR Kirov RKR Slava RKR Kara BPK Kresta II BPK Kresta I RKR (orginally BPK) Kynda RKR Senyavin KU Zhdanov KU Sverdlov KR Udaloy BPK Sovremennnyy EM Mod Kashin BPK Kashin BPK (originally EM, then BRK) Kanin BPK Mod Kildin BRK SAM Kotlin EM Kotlin EM Skoryy EM Krivak SKR Koni SKR Grisha MPK (originally SPK) Petya SKR (originally PLK) Mirka SKR (originally PLK) Riga SKR Tarantul Nanuchka MRK Pauk MPK (PSKR in KGB service) Poti MPK T-58 (patrol) SKR naval, PSKR, KGB T-58 radar picket: KVN Matka TKA Osa RKA Turya TK Shmel AK Alesha ZM Natya MT Yurka MT T-43 MT Sonya BT Zhenya BT Vanya BT Yevgenya RT Baltika VT Ivan Rogov BDK Ropucha BDK Alligator BDK Polnocny SDK Vydra DK Aist DKVP Ugra PB Don PB Atrek PB Malina PM Amur PM Oskol PM Dnepr PM El'Brus SS Ingul SS Nepa SS Prut SS Pamir SS Sura KIL Neptun KIL Emba KS Klazma KS Lama PM, but two are PB Mod. Andizhan VTR "MP 6" VTR Berezina VTR Dubna VT Boris Chilikin VT Altay VT Olekhma VT Pevek VT Sofia VT Uda VT Koda VT Khobi VT Nercha VT Kazbek VTR Polyarnik VT Manych MVT Voda MVT Mayak VTR Vytegrales VTR Keyla VTR Chulym VTR Donbass VTR Smol'nyy US Wodnik US Ugra (training) US Potok OS Kolomna OS Tomna ENS Pelym SR Khabarov SR Onega GKS Sliva SB Goryn MB, except three are SB Sorum MB Okhtenskiy MB or SB Orel SB Roslavl MB, one is SB Osa Targets: KT Bal'zam SSV Moma SSV (one ship is GS) 'Mayak' GS 'Okean' GS Yug EHOS Akademik Krylov EHOS Akademik Kurchatov EHOS Nikolay Zubov EHOS Polyus EHOS Desna OS Sibir' OS Krivak III PSKR Grisha II PSKR All small combatants in KGB Maritime Border Patrol service are PSKR
People often wonder how names for warships are selected, particularly in the US Navy. USN has a long-standing (100+ years) naming tradition, but the scheme has been corrupted in recent years, mostly for political purposes.
It is often thought that ships are never named for a person while the
person was still alive. This was true until the 1970's. The first ship
named for a then-living person was USS Carl Vinson (CVN 70), named in
1975. Other examples of ships named for then-living people include the
following:
USS Ronald Reagan (CVN 76)
USS Arleigh Burke (DDG 51)
USS Hyman G. Rickover (SSN 709)
USS Jimmy Carter (SSN 23)
USNS Bob Hope (T-AKR 300)
This list includes the traditional and current naming schemes for most major US warship/auxiliary types, and exceptions to the schemes. When ships were reclassified from one type to another after commissioning the original name was almost always retained; these examples are not listed as exceptions.
Aircraft Carriers (CV/CVA/CVAN/CVB/CVL/CVN/CVS):
Traditional: Famous battles and famous ships (CV 1-CVA 58, CVA 60-66)
Current: Generally political figures, presidents, naval leaders
(CVA 59, CVA 67, CVN 68-CVN 76)
Exceptions: CV 1 named for an aviation pioneer (Langley),
CV 38 named for a mythical place (Shangri-La), in
honor of the Doolittle raid on Tokyo, CVB 42 named
for a president (FD Roosevelt).
Escort Carriers (AVG/ACV/CVE/CVHE/CVU):
Initially named for bays, later vessels named for WWII battles.
Many transferred to England and received new names, but kept US
names on USN documents.
Exeptions: Four Sangamon class converted from oilers reatained
original ('river') names; Charger retained intended
Royal Navy name.
Battleships (BB):
States. Exception: Congress directed that Kearsarge (BB 5) be named to
honor the Civil War vessel of that name.
Monitors:
Traditional/Civil War Era: Indian tribes, bays.
"New Navy": States, renamed to cities/locations 1908-1909.
Exceptions: Initial vessel USS Monitor gave her name to
the type; Puritan, Dictator, Terror had non-traditional names.
(there was a very confusing renaming after the Civil War; the
ships ended up returning to their original names.)
Cruisers:
All named for cities, except:
Battlecruisers (CC): Early US warships.
Large Cruisers (CB): Territories.
Armored Cruisers (ACR-): States, renamed to cities
1912-1920. Exception: Brooklyn (ACR-3).
Guided Missile Cruisers (CG):
Famous battles and famous ships (many WWII carriers). Exception:
CG 51 named for a person. Note: Many CG/CGN were changed from other
classifications, keeping original names.
Destroyer type ships (DD, DDG, DE, DEG, FF, FFG, DL, DLG and variants):
Naval heroes and leaders. Exceptions: DLGN 36-41 named for states,
DDG 47-50 named for famous battles (all later changed to CG/CGN).
Submarines (SS/SSN and variants):
Traditional: Fish; some assigned alphanumeric names (i.e. F-2).
(officially "denizens of the deep")
Later: Cities (SSN 688-725,750-773)
Current: States (SSN 22, SSN 774, SSN 775)
Exceptions: SSN 680, 686, 687, 685, 709, 23 named for people;
SSN 21 used assigned a traditional name.
Ballistic Missile Submarines (SSBN):
Traditional: Famous Americans. (SSBN 598-602,608-611,616-620,622-636,
640-645,654-659)
Current: States. (SSBN 726-743)
Exceptions: Some "famous Americans" were foreigners, SSBN 730
named for a person (ex-USS Rhode Island).
Patrol Vessels:
PG, PR, PF: Small cities, except converted yachts were named
for precious stones, ex-British corvettes (PG) were given
positive-trait and "action" names.
PHM: Mythological.
PC: Natural phenomena.
Others: mostly unnamed.
Mine Craft:
Traditional: Birds, later "action" words and militant characteristics,
except minelayers named for mountain ranges.
Current: MCM: Militant characteristics.
MHC: Birds.
Amphibious Ships:
LHD: WWII aircraft carriers; previous LPHs
LPH/LHA: Marine Corps battles.
LCC: Mountains and mountain ranges.
LKA/LST: Counties and parishes (LSTs originally unnamed)
LPD: Cities honoring explorers and pioneers.
LSD: Historic places and cities.
Auxiliaries: (major vessels only)
ACS: State nicknames.
AD: Geographic areas, except AD 37 named for a labor leader.
AE: Explosives and volcanoes.
AFS: Cities, except some mythological names.
AG: Various.
AGC: Mountains and mountain ranges.
AGM: Widely varied.
AGOR: Mostly oceanographers.
AGOS: Traits of capability or accomplishment.
AGS: Mostly oceanographers.
AH: "Mercy" names.
AK/AKR: Star and constellation names, except prepositioned sealift
ships named for military heroes, RRF ships given "Cape" names.
AO: Rivers with indian names, except AO 187-195 named for
industrialists, engineers and naval architects.
AOE: Cities, except AOE 6-8,10 carry names of previous logistics ships.
AOG: Indian names.
AOR: Cities.
AOT: As AO, except widely varied for chartered ships.
AP: Heroes, presidents, generals, admirals, leaders.
AR/ARC: Mythological.
ARS: Salvage equipment, activities and terms.
AS: Mythological and submarine pioneers.
ASR: Birds.
ATA/ATF: Indian names.
ATS: US cities with British namesakes.
AV: Bays and sounds.
AVB: Aviation pioneers.
People often wonder what the various vessel status categories are. The most basic are fairly simple, but there are some rather obscure ones.
The following categories are primarily from US Navy practice, but are widely used and are fairly universal.
Informally, for nations that do not maintain a strict NVR/Navy List, stricken means that a vessel has been permanently removed from service and is to be disposed of. In almost all cases striking is the final formal status change before a vessel is disposed of.
What do all those displacement terms mean? The following is a general guide; the exact definitions vary from nation to nation and change over time.
The following are measures of volume not weight, and are applied only to merchant vessels:
Length
Inch = 2.540 cm
Foot = 0.3048 m
Yard = 0.9144 m
Mile = 1.609 km
Nautical mile = 1.852 km
Volume
Gallon (US) = 3.785 L
Gallon (UK) = 4.546 L
Mass
Pound = 0.4536 kg
Short ton = 907.2 kg
Long ton = 1016 kg
Speed
Mile per hour = 1.609 km/h
Knot = 1.852 km/h
Force
Pound force = 4.448 N
Kilogram force = 9.807 N
Power
Horsepower = 0.7457 kW